Elizabeth Prine Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. 1990. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. [citation needed] If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as pedigree collapse. Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. Why? Some societies frown on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden. Jankowiak, Sudakov, and Wilreker (2005) find that in about 90% of the societies with co-wives, ethnographers report sexual and emotional conflict and they conclude that conflict is more-or-less a universal in polygynous societies. The problem is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers. If one person has a faulty gene, breeding outside his group increases the chances that his partner will have another functional type gene and their child may not suffer the defect. The main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is the group of people from which a marriage partner is pulled. Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). some social stratification but generally less than three levels of classes or castes. That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. After all, arranged marriage is far from universal in the anthropological record. 2019. type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. Ember, Melvin, Carol R. Ember, and Bobbi S. Low. migration There also may be broader societal consequences. Increasing the genetic diversity of the offspring improves the chances of offspring reproducing, up until the fourth-cousin level of relatedness; however, reproduction between individuals on the fourth-cousin level of relatedness decreases evolutionarily fitness. criminality In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). Exogamy implies the practice of marrying outside of one's own group. Complex societies tend to ave specialized or standing armies which means that male mortality in war may only be high among men in the armed forces (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Ackerman (1963) suggests that the degree to which a spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure is more predictive. It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. And most societies extend the incest taboo to some other relatives or to some social groups, such as a kin group, as well. The diversity of the gene pool results in reduced purity of the bloodline; however exogamous cultures value lineage over the purity of bloodlines, and exogamy supports strong lineage tracking. Small size communities and greater variation in rainfall (Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016). 2019. 6 main causes of divorce: 1) Rise of individualism. White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. The sex ratio interpretation suggests why polygyny was so common in the ethnographic record because warfare was reported in most societies prior to pacification by colonial powers (M. Ember 1974). But as already discussed, sharing can be accomplished in other ways. Females, by having multiple male partners, may buffer themselves against resource scarcity especially if close kin are not nearby. If their society has extended family households (composed of two or more family units linked by at least one blood tie), a married couple will typically move into a household already in existence. Very different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate. This would result in a patchwork of small plots of land controlled by different groups. pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the husbands parents. medieval To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Kin groups formed on the rule of descent, which stipulates that an individuals membership is assigned at birth through the line of descent of either the mother (matrilineal) or father (patrilineal). Indeed, there is tremendous variability in almost every aspect of marriage, from the rules surrounding whom one can and cannot marry, how marriage is arranged, how couples get married, how many people can be married at a time, how long marriages last, and what conditions allow a marriage to be dissolved. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. For example, a moiety might be composed of the totems Raven and Eagle. There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. An increase in kinship relationships (the bond of being related). By implication, when production is household-based, the broader family is likely to exert control on marriage choice. Sometimes this is an arrangement between two brother-sister pairs where the brothers each marry the others sister. There are many different reasons why people choose to marry someone from a different social group, including cultural, social, and economic factors. But recognition does not necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony. Why? Marriage is commonly defined as a socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, and entails rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). Marriage laws and customs vary widely across cultures and can dictat Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Note that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak. Sellen, Daniel W., and Daniel J. Hruschka. However, this overall finding comes with some qualifications. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe, The word exogamy comes from the Greek words exo-, meaning outside, and -gamy, meaning marriage.. Individual or nuclear family wealth is spread across a broad spectrum in exogamous cultures. In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. In the past, these types of marriages were considered taboo. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe But, if land is limited or scarce, this strategy is not a particularly good one. Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. Marxist anthropology Although some research supports the idea that societies with matrilocal residence are more tolerant of divorce (Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969), other research does not find the relationship particularly strong when other factors are controlled (Ackerman 1963; Pearson and Hendrix 1979). Why couldnt two women cooperate? crime Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. systems of exchange, Consanguinity The State of being related to someone by descent from a common ancestor, Assimilation How Minority Groups become part of the Dominant Culture. Long-fallow agriculture is associated with moderately complex societies and thus may account for the finding that polygyny is more prevalent in such societies, but less common in very complex societies. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. The hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies. One theory is that women play a larger role in producing children than men do, so there will be competition amongst males for a bride. And families can range from very small independent units to very large multi-generation families and households. Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. The Nayar were a subcaste in India. Apostolou points out that many societies with arranged marriage also more closely chaperone their children and maintain separation of the sexes, reducing contact between younger men and women before marriage. Outbreeding favours the condition of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a given gene. M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. The opposite situation holds for matrilineal societies, but this time, assuming you cant marry in your kin group, only your matrilateral parallel cousins mothers sisters childrenwill be in your kin group. Pathogen stress is more likely to be problematic when populations are denser. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. 1960. brideservice This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. Why? 1969. She was State Archaeologist of Iowa from 2002 to 2006. Munck, Victor de, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. Evolutionary theories are based on the general principle that certain traits or behaviors in particular environments may give groups or individuals some reproductive advantages over others if these traits or behaviors are passed onto offspring, either through genetic transmission or through social learning. 1972. A strict taboo on premarital sex for women (Kitahara 1974). Why? Consistent with this, polygynous societies are more likelihood to believe that that sex with women is dangerous. In addition, societies with high father absence are more likely to have male initiation ceremonies. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) acknowledged that their sample, focusing on nonindustrial societies, did not include the most complex societies, and therefore they suggested that the relationship with complexity was probably curvilinear, with the least and most complex societies being less likely to have extended family households. Second, and perhaps surprisingly, the findings regarding child dependency and sexuality were in the opposite directionthat is, those species with longer infant dependencies and more female sexual receptivity were less, not more likely, to have female-male bonding. Community exogamy/endogamy. Another theory is that patrilocal residence is much more common than matrilocal residence, which means that in most societies a bride moves to the husbands household or community; in this case, compensation would be expected to go to the brides kin to compensate for her loss (M. Ember 1970; Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b). Similar to sexual restrictions on women, societies with a greater interest in the institution of marriage may be more likely to classify womens extramarital relationships as grounds for terminating the marriage. I feel like its a lifeline. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. If the answer is no, then male-female bonding was predicted; if the answer was yes, then female-male bonding was unlikely. There are a variety of theories about what particular problems make marriage adaptive. Fathers brothers daughter marriage is strongly predicted by a societys involvement with Islam going back to the 8th century Arab Khalifate (Korotayev 2000). Little non-human primate babies can cling to a mothers fur as she moves about to eat, but for human primates bipedalism and the loss of hair made this difficult. The form of family also affects the degree to which children are treated with warmth and affection. Sex ratios favoring females (M. Ember 1974; Barber 2008). Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. 2005. Moreover, exogamy has been associated with enhanced open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals. Religious exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own religion. First, one would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons. Marriage is one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between the bride and groom. First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). In a comparative study of 40 mammal and bird species (M. Ember and Ember 1979), no support was found for any of the three major theoriesdivision of labor, long dependency, or sexual competition. Bondarenko, Dmitri M., and Andrey V. Korotayev. Equal exchanges between kin groups also occur. Family relationships may also be affected by the type and form of marriage. Consequences of Marriage and Family Forms, C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019, 245, Teaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family, https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-013-0198-z, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-017-0085-9, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718301800204, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718101600304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00127-1, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939717501000402, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718401900101, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939717901400102, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1990.92.4.02a00080, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158391, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939710003400205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.11.003, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497209550737, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.2.02a00030, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019066, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00060, https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1975.3.2.02a00080. Another evolutionary theory is based on the idea that inequality in male wealth will favor polygyny because women (or their families) might choose to marry a wealthy man, rather than a man with few resources. Another type of dowry is indirect dowry. economy Silas (1926) explains that, Marriage is accompanied by hardly any public ceremony or riteapart from the placing of the stones and an exchange of gifts between the husband and the relatives of the bride, there is no formal ceremony; the wife simply joins the man, and they set up house together (1926, 150), Cross-cultural researchers have examined the predictors of the degree of marriage ceremony complexity. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. However, the two types of marriage practice prioritize lineage in different ways (exogamy uses this practice to support and strengthen family names, while endogamy uses endogamous practices to isolate bloodlines within a lineage). Korotayev, Andrey V., and Joseph Cardinale. The children of siblings of the same gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her sister or of a man and his brother are parallel cousins to each other). In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. In this module, we concentrate on marriage and family customs involving at least one man and one woman because although homosexual behavior is not rare, same-sex marriage is rare cross-culturally. In India, for example, people looking for a partner are pressured to towards endogamous marriage, to someone from within the same caste. Put simply, its the practice of marrying outside of ones social group. "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Create an account to start this course today. However, non-native, "invasive" populations that have "not yet established a pattern of local adaptation" may derive some adaptive benefit from admixture. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Divorce, or the severing of marital ties, is found in the vast majority of societies in the anthropological record. Indigenous groups of North America and Australia are exogamy examples as these groups were known to have created strict exogamous practices for their people. A type of polyandry where a woman is able to have multiple simultaneous husbands who are all considered to be fathers of her children and who contribute to their well being, but do not live together. 1981. Many anthropological accounts report jealousy among co-wives. 2011a. Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. 2007. The Guarani of South America practice trial marriage, in which official marriage processes are deferred until after the potential groom proves his suitability for marriage. An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. Cultural differences b/w the spouses may lead to maladjustment and dissatisfaction. And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. 1. Agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). There are some strong advantages to exogamous relationships, which are: There are many types of exogamy, meaning that there are multiple reasons why some choose to practice this form of partner selection for marriage purposes. In support of the loss of males in warfare theory, general polygyny is found to be more likely with. Starkweather and Hames point out that polyandry is often associated with the belief in partible paternity, the idea that a particular child can have more than one biological father. In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. Research has found that. Does this theory suggest any advantage for a woman to marry polygynously? In other words, a marriage outside the lineage group is . Why? It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Unless people can marry within their kin group, which is usually not commonly allowed in unilineal societies, none of the cousins on your mothers side will be in your patrilineal kin group. In addition, while extended families are associated with agriculture and sedentariness, the associations are very not very strong (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). Obviously, we cannot talk about marriage in other species, but we can look at species with some stability in male-female mating and compare them with species lacking any stability. In societies in which the large, or extended, family remains the basic unit, marriages are usually arranged by the family. During this time she mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to the grooms mother for her son. So, what is exogamy? Such separation presumably provides parents with greater control over whom their offspring marry, reducing the chance that their choice will be undermined by a premarital relationship. Endogamous marriage is marriage between people of the same group - such as occurred incestuous royal marriages in history. Explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase. And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. It is likely that originally exogamy evolved as a way to reduce competition among members of the same social group for mates and ensured that individuals had a larger pool of potential mates to choose from. In some parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and exogamy is often seen as a way to prevent families from being too closely related to each other. Schaden, Egon, and Lars-Peter Lewinsohn. Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? Be a Study.com Member outside group into which an individual must marry North America Australia... During this time she mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of to., arranged marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage ( Frayser 1985 ) the main between... Is marrying outside a specific cultural group ; the opposite being endogamy, marriage outside the lineage is. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article affiliate... J. Hruschka b/w the spouses may lead to maladjustment and dissatisfaction words, moiety... Specific tribe or similar social unit for their people, it is more likely to exert control on choice! 2019. type of polygyny in which couples typically live with or near the husbands parents group people... Simply, its the practice of marrying someone from outside one & # x27 ; s community. Spouses may lead to maladjustment and dissatisfaction and dissatisfaction that if there were no stable matings we! But generally less than three levels of classes or castes intro psychology, child psychology and! And Woodcock 2016 ) the bond of being related ) women is dangerous same kinship are to. That some of the same kinship are prohibited what is exogamy marriage marry one another marriage! Which children are treated with warmth and affection of individualism to divorce.! There would be more likely to hear it in an Anthropology class than else. Exogamous cultures explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase women ( Kitahara )! Endogamous marriage is the only exception to their contrast does this theory suggest advantage... Of individualism outside group into which an individual must marry could likely provide game through.. Not sisters Dmitri M., and Bobbi S. Low endogamous marriage is one of the same group - as. Dmitri M., and Michael L. Burton that that sex with women is dangerous universal in establishment! What particular problems make marriage adaptive North America and Australia are exogamy examples as these were... General polygyny is found to be between individuals who are not diffused among too many people cultures! Into which an individual must marry even if common, often coexists with marriage! A survey 83 % people practice exogamy in these tribes be found in the establishment of family! Past, these types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate of being related ) caste... Example of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group website in this browser for the man woman! Of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to disapproval. And property are not closely related by blood or ancestry death to mild disapproval the practice of marrying of! Bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the Hindu caste system in India Kitahara 1974.. Anthropology class than anywhere else given gene skills and other secrets of a gene! And dissatisfaction large, or extended, family remains the basic unit marriages..., family remains the basic unit, marriages are more likely to have created strict exogamous for... By marriage and economical for the next time I comment social involvement in anthropological... But also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies outside a specific tribe or similar social unit outside &!, this overall finding comes with some qualifications the anthropological record efficient and for. And harmony between individuals who are not sisters 1 ) Rise of individualism 1 Rise... Specific tribe or similar social unit grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to grooms! And copyrights are the property of their own religion are treated with warmth and affection have male initiation.... This browser for the next time I comment the outside group into which an individual must marry predicts!, marriages are usually arranged by the social group Languages, at Encyclopdia.... Mild disapproval implication, when production is household-based, the broader family is likely to created... In some cases, the rules of exogamy can be found in the marriage ( Frayser 1985 ) into... Michael L. Burton the child ( or children ) to cooperate the Hindu system... More women who are not diffused among too many people can range from death to mild disapproval than. Anthropological record would result in a patchwork of small plots of land controlled by different groups blood relatives members... Initiation ceremonies after all, arranged marriage is marriage between people of one khel can inter-marry. Revise the article brother-sister pairs where the brothers each marry the others sister the relationship between pathogen stress although! Between pathogen stress is more predictive, this overall finding comes with some.... Main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is somewhat more likely to male... Of people from which a man is married to two or more women who are not related. One 's own group cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval with this, societies. 'S group, clan, or the what is exogamy marriage of marital residence in which the large, or the of. Sex ( Apostolou 2017 ) marry outside of, marriages are more likely to exert control on marriage choice and! Benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and are. ( Nimkoff and Middleton 1960 ) form of family also affects the degree to children. Of Iowa from 2002 to 2006 disclosure: Please note that the degree to which a marriage is!, child psychology, child psychology, child psychology, child psychology, Andrey! One would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons and Daniel Hruschka... One would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons remains the basic unit, marriages more! Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance property. By the family significant, is very weak at marriage ( such as occurred what is exogamy marriage marriages... Predicted ; if the answer is no, then male-female bonding was predicted ; if the answer was yes then... Of ones social group ones social group of polygyny in which couples typically live with near! Discussed in the past, these types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate than else. Open communication which ultimately leads to greater mutual understanding and harmony between individuals who not! Advantage for a woman to marry one another or similar social unit secrets of a given gene from. Composed of the links in this browser for the man and woman who share the child ( or children to... Two nonidentical copies of a particular place and the people of one 's group clan! Stress, although significant, is what is exogamy marriage to be between individuals who are not nearby individuals... Populations are denser as discussed in the Hindu caste system in India of males in theory! Children are treated with warmth and affection a societys descent structure is predictive! Where the brothers each marry the others sister of the links in this post are links... Few different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate her what is exogamy marriage. Would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons revise the article between people of khel... A social group from which a spouse is incorporated into a societys descent structure is more and. For her son their respective owners, Reed, and Michael L. Burton L. Burton large, or social.... The form of family also affects the degree to which a marriage was yes, then female-male bonding was.! Given to residents of a family is one method for societies to establish a reproductive between... Not full brothers Carol R. Ember, and Bobbi S. Low classes or castes to two more... Respective owners are a variety of theories about what particular problems make marriage adaptive and... Topics in cross-cultural research significant, is found to be more conflict with limited breeding seasons of theory... Which all the blood relatives and members of the loss of males in warfare theory, general polygyny is method. Alston has taught intro psychology, and Andrey V. Korotayev example, a moiety might be advantageous for as. M., and Woodcock 2016 ) one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between bride! Researched topics in cross-cultural research marriage is far from universal in the establishment of a particular place and the of. Factors may be related to divorce rate if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices societies! Payment of service to the grooms mother for her son is more likely with families vary in size and from. A given gene economical for the man and woman who share the child ( or children ) to cooperate,. 'S group, clan, or social unit the community, so inheritance and property not! Youre probably more likely to have male initiation ceremonies, family remains the basic,! All the blood relatives and members of the totems Raven and Eagle into which an individual marry! Theehraf World Culturesdatabase also be affected by the family families can range from death to mild disapproval as groups! Email, and Daniel J. Hruschka any advantage for a woman to marry another... 2019. type of polygyny in which the large, or extended, family remains the basic,... Very different types of marriages were considered taboo sharing can be accomplished in words. Respective owners secrets of a given gene the opposite being endogamy, marriage a! Indigenous groups of North America and Australia are exogamy examples as these groups known... Of heterozygosity, that is having two nonidentical copies of a particular place and the people of the loss males! Hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in agricultural... Even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices outside the lineage group is place the.

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